Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság – EMT / Hungarian Technical Scientific Society of Transylvania / Societatea Maghiară Tehnico-Ştiinţifică din Transilvania
How G. B. Halsted contributed to the international recognition of János Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky
George Bruce Halsted was born on November 23, 1853, in Newark, New Jersey, USA as son of Adela Meeker and Oliver Spencer Halsted. His father was a lawyer. Halsted studied at Princeton University, as did his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1875 and his master's degree in 1878. He received his doctorate in 1879 from Johns Hopkins University with his thesis Basis for a Dual Logic. In the meantime, he also studied in Berlin. He remained an intern at Princeton for a time and then taught mathematics at the University of Texas from 1884 to 1903. It was during this time that his professional work was completed. Despite his eccentric behavior, he was a popular teacher among his students. He studied, explained and translated into English the works of Lobachevsky, János Bolyai, Saccheri and Poincaré. After a clash with the university management over a teacher competition when hiring a candidate with better connections rather than the more talented one, he had to leave the university. He then taught in several places: St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland (1903); Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio (1903–1906) and Colorado State Teachers' College, Greeley (1906–1912). He then retired, continuing to study mathematics while working as an electrician in the family business. He died March 16, 1922, in New York. He was mourned by his wife, Margaret Swearingen (whom he married in 1886) and his three sons. The fact that this genius mathematician and noble-minded man ended his life as an electrician reminds us of the words of the Hungarian poet, János Batsányi, which can be found on the memorial plaque of his former residential building in Linz: “The present can be envious and ungrateful, but the future will be fair. ” Kivonat George Bruce Halsted 1853. november 23-án született a Newarkban, New Jersey államban, az Egyesült Államokban. 1879-ben doktorált a Johns Hopkins Egyetemen, disszertációjával "A duális logika alapjai". Időközben Berlinben is tanult. Egy ideig gyakornokoskodott Princetonban, majd 1884 és 1903 között matematikát tanított a Texasi Egyetemen. Ebben az időben fejezte be szakmai munkáját. Tanulmányozta, magyarázta és angolra fordította Lobacsevszkij, Bolyai János, Saccheri és Poincaré műveit. Összetűzésbe került az egyetem vezetésével egy tanári pályázat miatt, az egyetemet elhagyva több helyen is tanított: a St. John's College-ban, Annapolisban, Marylandben (1903); a Kenyon College-ban, Gambierben, Ohioban (1903–1906) és a Colorado State Teachers' College-ban, Greeleyben (1906–1912). Ezután nyugdíjba vonult, és folytatta a matematika tanulmányait, miközben villanyszerelőként dolgozott a családi vállalkozásban. 1922. március 16-án hunyt el New Yorkban. Felesége, Margaret Swearingen (akivel 1886-ban házasodott) és három fia gyászolta. Az a tény, hogy ez a zseniális matematikus és nemes gondolkodású ember villanyszerelőként fejezte be életét, Batsányi János magyar költő szavaira emlékeztet, amelyek linzi egykori lakóházának emléktábláján találhatók: „A jelen irigy és hálátlan lehet, de a jövő igazságos lesz.” *This paper is a translation with some additions from Hungarian of a paper presented at the 16th Conference of History of Sciences and Techniques, Aiud, Romania, 2022, pp. 35–40. https://ojs.emt.ro/TTK/article /view/971
recognition of János Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky
Bolyai János és Nyikolaj Lobacsevszkij elismertsége
250 éve született Bolyai Farkas fizikatanár
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="Fordítás" data-ved="2ahUKEwiN0dyV0dWQAxVUh_0HHa1CAzEQ3ewLegQIDBAV" aria-label="Lefordított szöveg: Between 1804 and 1851, Farkas Bolyai taught modern physics at a high level at the Reformed College of Târgu Mureș. He published his mathematical works in the college's printing house. However, his teaching notes on physics, astronomy, and chemistry, in Latin and Hungarian, remained in manuscript. His manuscript legacy can be researched in the Teleki-Bolyai Documentation Library in Târgu Mureș and, since 1991, in the Microfilm Archive of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. The natural science notes of Farkas Bolyai have mostly survived in the handwriting of his students, in several versions per chapter."> Between 1804 and 1851, Farkas Bolyai taught modern physics at a high level at the Reformed College of Târgu Mureș. He published his mathematical works in the college's printing house. However, his teaching notes on physics, astronomy, and chemistry, in Latin and Hungarian, remained in manuscript. His manuscript legacy can be researched in the Teleki-Bolyai Documentation Library in Târgu Mureș and, since 1991, in the Microfilm Archive of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. The natural science notes of Farkas Bolyai have mostly survived in the handwriting of his students, in several versions per chapter. KIvonat Bolyai Farkas 1804 és 1851 között – a Marosvásárhelyi Református Kollégiumba – korszerű fizikai ismereteket tanított magas színvonalon. Matematikai munkáit a kollégium nyomdájában jelentette meg. Fizika, csillagászat, kémia tárgyú, latin és magyar nyelvű tanári jegyzetei viszont kéziratban maradtak. Kéziratos hagyatéka a Teleki-Bolyai Dokumentációs Könyvtárban Marosvásárhelyen, valamint 1991-től az MTA könyvtárának Mikrofilmtárában Budapesten kutatható. Bolyai Farkas említett természettudományi jegyzetei többnyire diákjai kézírásában maradtak fenn, fejezetenként több változatban is.
Újabb adalékok a két Bolyai felfedezésének történetéhez
This paper, which is part of a larger study in preparation, adds new, hitherto unknown data to the results of the early period of Bolyai research. Besides, it tries to clarify the role Sámuel Szabó (1829–1905), a teacher of chemistry and physics at the Reformed College of Târgu Mures, played in the Bolyai research. Kivonat E dolgozat, mely egy készülő nagyobb tanulmány részlete, a Bolyai-kutatás kezdeti időszakának eredményeit egészíti ki eddig ismeretlen, új adatokkal. Egyúttal igyekszik tisztázni a marosvásárhelyi református kollégium egykori vegytan-természettan szakos tanárának, Szabó Sámuelnek (1829–1905) a helyét-szerepét a Bolyai-kutatásban.
Bolyai research, Sámuel Szabó. Ferenc Schmidt, G. J. Hoüel, Barna Szénássy
Bolyai-kutatás, Szabó Sámuel, Schmidt Ferenc, G. J. Hoüel, Szénássy Barna
A folyadékkristályok számítástechnikai alkalmazásai
The history of liquid crystals is an exciting process filled with significant discoveries. The study provides a brief historical overview of the topic from its beginnings to the present day. Furthermore, it discusses the topological structures that appear in liquid crystals, as well as the practical uses of these materials and their potential applications in computing. Kivonat A folyadékkristályok története izgalmas és jelentős felfedezésekkel teli folyamat. A tanulmány a témához kapcsolódó rövid történeti áttekintést ad a kezdetektől napjainkig. A továbbiakban a folyadékkristályokban megjelenő topológiai struktúrákról és ezen anyagok gyakorlati felhasználásáról, lehetséges számítástechnikai alkalmazásáról van szó.
Pe urmele relicvelor Bolyai pierdute – Vioara lui János Bolyai
This work was developed starting from the lectures given by the author in November 2023 in Timișoara during the Bolyai 200 Art and Science Festival held on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of János Bolyai's letter written from Temesvár (Timișoara), as well as at the Bolyai Commemorative Festive Meeting at the Bolyai Institute of the University of Szeged. The research started on the trail of János Bolyai's violin, which the literature assumed it was lost 120 years ago. But based on the newly discovered data, a vague hope was born that this precious relic of Bolyai might be rediscovered one day. Hopefully, the Romanian translation can also help with this. Rezumat Această lucrare a fost elaborată pornind de la două prelegeri ale autorului. Prima dintre ele a avut loc în noiembrie 2023 la Timișoara în cadrul Festivalului de Artă și Știință Bolyai 200 organizat cu ocazia aniversării a 200 de ani de la scrisoarea lui János Bolyai trimisă de la Timișoara tatălui său. Cea de-a doua prelegere a fost prezentată la Szeged (Ungaria) în cadrul Ședinței Festive de Comemorare Bolyai de la Institutul Bolyai al Universității din Szeged. Cercetarea a pornit pe urmele viorii lui János Bolyai, despre care literatura de specialitate presupunea că a fost pierdută cu 120 de ani în urmă. Însă pe baza datelor nou descoperite s-a născut o speranță vagă că această prețioasă relicvă a lui Bolyai ar putea fi redescoperită într-o bună zi. Sperăm că traducerea articolului în limba română poate ajuta în acest sens. Kivonat Ez a dolgozat Bolyai János Temesvárról édesapjához írott levelének 200. évfordulója alkalmából a szerzőnek 2023 novemberében Temesvárott a Bolyai 200 Művészeti és tudományos fesztiválon, valamint Szegeden az SZTE TTIK Bolyai Intézetének Bolyai Emlékülésén tartott előadásainak lejegyzése alapján készült. A kutatás Bolyai János hegedűjének eredt a nyomába, amelyről a szakirodalom eddig úgy tudta, hogy 120 éve elveszett. A fellelt újabb adatok alapján azonban halvány remény adódott arra, hogy egyszer talán mégis előkerülhet ez a becses Bolyai-relikvia. Remélhetőleg a román fordítás is segíthet ebben. Traducerea articolului: Szabó Péter Gábor: Elveszett Bolyai-reliviák nyomában. Bolyai János hegedűje, Érintő –Elektronikus Matematikai Lapok, 2024. március, https://ematlap.hu/tudomany-tortenet-2024-5/1382-elveszett-bolyai-relikviak-nyomaban.Lucrarea a fost dedicată istoricului de ştiinţă István Gazda cu ocazia împlinirii vârstei de 75 de ani.Traducere realizatăde Klára Tóth.
A kolozsvári székhelyű Első Erdélyi Papírlemezgyár alapítói és működtetői
One of the important areas of Cluj's industrial history is paper production, the beginnings of which go back to the middle of the 16th century. Although the first paper mill in (Kolozsvár) Cluj-Napoca started operating in 1564 thanks to Gáspár Heltai, we can only speak of paper production on an industrial scale at the end of the 19th century. The junior The First Transylvania Paper Mill (Első Erdélyi Papírlemezgyár), founded by Dániel Warga and Sándor Babos, supplied not only the city, but also other parts of Transylvania with high-quality paper products for half a century. Rezumat Una dintre zonele importante ale istoriei industriale a Clujului este producția de hârtie, ale cărei începuturi datează de la mijlocul secolului al XVI-lea. Deși prima fabrică de hârtie din Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) a început să funcționeze în 1564 datorită lui Gáspár Heltai, nu putem vorbi de producția de hârtie la scară industrială decât la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea. Prima fabrică de hârtie din Transilvania (Első Erdélyi Papírlemezgyár), fondată de Dániel Warga și Sándor Babos, a furnizat nu numai orașului, ci și altor părți ale Transilvaniei produse de hârtie de înaltă calitate timp de o jumătate de secol. Kivonat Kolozsvár ipartörténetének egyik fontos területe a papírgyártás, melynek kezdetei a XVI. század közepéig nyúlnak vissza. Bár az első kolozsvári papírmalom Heltai Gáspárnak köszönhetően már 1564-ban megkezdte működését, ipari méretű papírgyártásról csak a XIX. század végéről beszélhetünk. Az ifj. Warga Dániel és Babos Sándor által megalapított Első Erdélyi Papírlemezgyár fél évszázadon keresztül látta el jó minőségű papírtermékekkel nemcsak a várost, hanem Erdély más részeit is.
József György Hevesy was both a physicist and a chemist. He graduated in chemistry in Germany. In 1911, he worked in Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester, where he met and made a lifelong friendship with Niels Bohr. In 1913, he discovered the radioactive tracer method. In 1920, he went to Copenhagen and continued his research at Bohr's institute. In 1923 he discovered and analyzed the new element 72, which he named hafnium, the Latin name for Copenhagen. Later on, he often visited Denmark, from where he fled from Nazi persecution to Sweden during the war. At that time, the radioactive tracer method he discovered was widely used throughout Europe, which was recognized by the scientific world by awarding him the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He took up Swedish citizenship, but kept his Hungarian passport until the end of his life. Shortly before his death, he visited home once more and received his honorary doctorate from ELTE and the Budapest University of Technology.The Carpathian Basin Chemistry Competition, held every year, bears his name. Rezumat József György Hevesy a fost atât fizician, cât și chimist. A absolvit chimia în Germania. În 1911, a lucrat în laboratorul lui Rutherford din Manchester, unde l-a cunoscut pe Niels Bohr și a legat o prietenie de-a lungul vieții cu el. În 1913, a descoperit metoda trasorului radioactiv. În 1920, a plecat la Copenhaga unde și-a continuat cercetările la institutul lui Bohr. În 1923 a descoperit și analizat noul element 72, pe care l-a numit hafniu, denumirea latină pentru Copenhaga. Mai târziu, a vizitat adesea Danemarca, de unde a fugit de persecuția nazistă în Suedia în timpul războiului. La acea vreme, metoda trasorului radioactiv pe care a descoperit-o era folosită pe scară largă în toată Europa, care a fost recunoscută de lumea științifică prin acordarea Premiului Nobel pentru Chimie în 1943. A obținut cetățenia suedeză, dar și-a păstrat pașaportul maghiar până la sfârșitul vieții. Cu puțin timp înainte de moartea sa, a vizitat din nou Ungaria și a primit un distincția de doctor onorific de la ELTE și Universitatea de Tehnologie din Budapesta. Concursul de chimie pentru elevi din Bazinul Carpatic desfășurat în fiecare an îi poartă numele. Kivonat Hevesy György József egyszerre volt fizikus és kémikus. Németországban szerzett vegyészi diplomát. 1911-ben Manchesterben Rutherford laboratóriumában dolgozott, itt ismerkedett meg és kötött életre szóló barátságot Niels Bohrral. 1913-ben felfedezte a radioaktív nyomjelzés módszerét. 1920-ban Koppenhágába ment és Bohr intézetében folytatta kutatásait. 1923-ban felfedezte és elemezte az új 72. alapelemet, amelynek a hafnium nevet adta, ami Koppenhága latin neve. Később is gyakran megfordult Dániában, a háború alatt innen menekült át a náci üldöztetés elől Svédországba. Ekkor már egész Európában széleskörűen alkalmazták az általa felfedezett radioaktív nyomjelzéses módszert, amit a tudományos világ azzal ismert el, hogy neki ítélték az 1943. évi kémiai Nobel-díjat. Felvette a svéd állampolgárságot, de élete végéig megőrizte magyar útlevelét. Halála előtt nem sokkal még egyszer hazalátogatott, átvette díszdoktori oklevelét az ELTE-n és a Budapesti Műszaki Egyetemen. A minden évben megrendezendő Kárpát-medencei Kémiaverseny az ő nevét viseli.
hafnium, radioaktív nyomjelzés módszer, izotóp, nukleáris orvostudomány, pajzsmirigyek hormonjai, Föld kora, izotóphígításos-, röntgen-fluoreszcenciás-, neutronaktivációs analitikai módszerek, Nobel-díj, Atom a Békéért Díj, Copley-érme, Eötvös Loránd, Kármán Tódor, Polányi Mihály
Ismerjük meg a gyulakutai hőerőművet, Románia első földgáztüzelésű erőművét
In this paper we present the history of the thermal power plant in Fântânele (Romania, Mureș county). Rezumat În această lucrare prezentăm istoria centralei termice din Fântânele (România, județul Mureș). Kivonat Cikkünkben bemutatjuk a gyulakutai (Románia, Maros megye) hőerőmű történetét.
A Nemes Tihamér Nemzetközi Programozási Verseny Erdélyi Regionális Fordulójának 33 éve
The Hungarian Technical Scientific Society of Transylvania, together with the Hungary-based John von Neumann Computer Society organizes every year the Nemes Tihamér Computer Science Competition for children completing their primary education. Students can participate in three categories: grades V–VIII (first category), grades IX–X (second category) and grades XI–XII (third category). The competition has three levels: local, regional, and the final level organized in Budapest, Hungary. In 2024, we organized the 33rd edition of the Transylvanian Regional Level. These 33 years are a significant period, as thousands of school and high school students participated in the various turns, the competition determined the professional advancement, career choice, and university life of those who advanced. Rezumat În 2024 am organizat cea de-a 33-a ediție la nivelul regional transilvanean a Concursului Internațional de Programare Nemes Tihamér. Acești 33 de ani sunt o perioadă semnificativă, întrucât mii de elevi de școală și liceu au participat la diferitele runde, competiția a determinat avansarea profesională, alegerea carierei și viața universitară a celor care au avansat. Kivonat 2024-ben szerveztük meg a Nemes Tihamér Nemzetközi Programozási Verseny Erdélyi Regionális Fordulójának 33. kiadását. Jelentős időszak ez a 33 év, hisz iskolás és középiskolás diákok ezrei vettek részt a különböző fordulókon, a verseny meghatározta a továbbjutók szakmai előmenetelét, pályaválasztását, egyetemista életét.
Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság, diákolimpiák
A Bolyai-kultusz az erdélyi magyar sajtóban 1945 előtt
The compilation is a selection of articles about Bolyais published in the Transylvanian Hungarian press before 1945. Based on this, it can be stated that, contrary to public opinion, quite a few articles were published about the Bolyai people, especially after the 1903 commemorations, and not only in the newspapers published in Kolozsvár and Marosvásárhely. Kivonat Az összeállítás az erdélyi magyar sajtóban 1945 előtt megjelent Bolyaiakról szóló írásokból válogat. Ennek alapján ki lehet jelenteni, hogy a közvélekedéssel ellentétben, nem kevés írás jelent meg a Bolyaiakkal kapcsolatban, főleg az 1903-as megemlékezések után, és nem csak kolozsvári és marosvásárhelyi lapokban.
The Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI) is an annual informatics competition for secondary school students. Each of the participating central European countries sends a team of up to four contestants, a team leader and a deputy team leader. The contest consists of two days of computer programming, solving problems of an algorithmic nature. The first CEOI was held in 1994 (Romania, founder of the CEOI), five years after the first IOI (International Olympiad in Informatics). Kivonat A Közép-európai Informatikai Olimpia (CEOI) egy évente megrendezett informatikai verseny középiskolások számára. Minden résztvevő közép-európai ország legfeljebb négy versenyzőből álló csapatot, egy csapatvezetőt és egy helyettes csapatvezetőt küld. A verseny két napos számítógépes programozásból áll, algoritmikus jellegű problémák megoldásával. Az első CEOI-t 1994-ben tartották (Románia, a CEOI alapítója), öt évvel az első IOI után.
informatics, Olympiad, regulations, schedule
informatika, olimpia, szabályzat, menetrend
In this short article, I relive my encounters with the Hungarian mathematician Béla Andrásfai (1931–2023). Kivonat Ebben a rövid írásban Andrásfai Béla (1931–2023) magyar matematikussal való találkozásaimat elevenítem fel.
mathematics, graph theory, Béla Andrásfai, Pál Erdős
matematika, gráfelmélet, Andrásfai Béla, Erdős Pál
Surányi János (1918–2006) és kicsit a kora – személyes beszámoló
János Surányi was an important figure in Hungarian mathematical public life after World War II. He was working among others on the republication of the Mathematical Journal of Secondary Schools, the organization of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society, pedagogical experiments and didactic research especially the launch of mathematical secondary school classes in 1962. In the meantime, he made important scientific achievements in mathematical logic and number theory. His book on number theory, co-written by Pál Erdős, is still an important source today. Kivonat Surányi János a magyarországi matematikai közélet fontos szereplője volt a II. Világháború után. Nevéhet is kapcsolódnak olyan fontos dolgok, mint a Középiskolai Matematikai Lapok újbóli megjelentetése, a Bolyai János Matematikai Társulat megszervezése, pedagógiai kísérletek és didaktikai kutatások különös tekintettel a matematikai tagozatos gimnáziumok elindítására 1962-ben. Közben fontos tudományos eredményeket ért el a matematikai logikában és a számelméletben. Erdős Pállal közösen írt számelmélet könyve ma is fontos forrás.
János Surányi, KÖMAL, mathematics grammar school, decision problem, number theory
Surányi János, KÖMAL, matematika tagozatos gimnázium, eldöntés probléma, számelmélet
Kolozsvári fizikusok: Heinrich László és László Tihamér
In this article, we present the short lives of physicists László Heinrich and László Tihamér, seasoned with subjective memories. Kivonat Ebben a cikkben Heinrich László és László Tihamér fizikusok rövid életét mutatjuk be szubjektív emlékképekkel fűszerezve.
Dr. Sáska László kis gyűjteménye és az elkallódott levelei
Short biografy of László Sáska, his activity, the principal places were he worked and some important publications. Presentation of the pieces of the Sáska colection in the school muzeum of Bethlen College in Aiud and the content of the briefcase which was accidentaly found in Aiud: documents, letters, newpapers articles. Browsing in the letters and travel descriptions. Kivonat Sáska László orvos és Afrika-kutató rövid életrajza, munkásságának állomáshelyei, fontosabb publikációi. A nagyenyedi Bethlen Kollégium iskolamúzeumában található tárgyak bemutatása, és a Nagyenyeden véletlenül előkerült aktatáska tartalmának ismertetése: iratok, levelek, újságcikkek. Részletek a levelekből és az útleírásokból.
115 éve született Borbély Samu mérnök-matematikus
In this article, we present four documents: 1) Samu Borbély's speech at the opening of Bolyai University in 1946, 2) Gyula Maurer's commemoration of Samu Borbély in 1986, 3) Samu Borbély's letter to Deputy Prime Minister György Aczél in 1979, 4) Samu Borbély’s autobiography from 1949. Kivonat Ebben a cikkben négy dokumentumot mutatunk be: 1) Borbély Samu beszéde 1946-ban a Bolyai Tudományegyetem megnyitóján, 2) Maurer Gyula megemlékezése Borbély Samuról 1986-ban, 3) Borbély Samu levele Aczél György miniszterelnök-helyetteshez 1979-ben, 4) Borbély Samu önéletrajza 1949-ből.
Pörgettyűs teodolitok fejlesztése a Magyar Optikai Műveknél
The series production of various types of geodetic instruments using the gyroscopic principle, developed, and manufactured in Hungary, was carried out at the Hungarian Optical Works from the 1960s for almost three decades, but this activity can now be considered a closed chapter. Its history is an important chapter in the history of Hungarian industry. This process of enterprise-driven and highly successful innovation is particularly relevant today. Kivonat A magyar fejlesztésű és gyártású, giroszkópikus elvet alkalmazó geodéziai műszerek különböző típusainak sorozatgyártása a Magyar Optikai Műveknél a múlt század hatvanas éveitől közel három évtizeden át folyt, de ez a tevékenység mára sajnos lezárt fejezetnek tekinthető, története azonban a magyarországi ipartörténet fontos fejezete. Ez a vállalati indíttatású és rendkívül sikeres innovációs – és napjainkban is sok tanulsággal szolgáló – folyamat mai szemmel különösen aktuális.
Pathi Nagy Sámuel (1770–1810) szellemi világa – könyvtárának jegyzéke alapján
Sámuel PATHI NAGY studied in the Protestant College in Debrecen, later in Jena. Here he became the Hungarian secretary of the Mineralogical Society. Returning home, he worked as medical doctor in Komárom. After his death the catalogue of his private library was published which gives a good insight into the sources of his knowledge and cultural background. In this abstract mostly his books dealing with natural history, theology of nature and education are discussed. Rezumat Sámuel PATHI NAGY a studiat la Colegiul Protestant din Debrecen, ulterior la Jena. Aici a devenit secretarul maghiar al Societății Mineralogice. Întorcându-se acasă, a lucrat ca medic la Komárom. După moartea sa, a fost publicat catalogul bibliotecii sale private, care oferă o bună perspectivă asupra surselor sale de cunoștințe și de cultură. În acest rezumat sunt discutate cărțile sale despre științele naturale, teologia naturii și educația. Kivonat PATHI NAGY Sámuel a debreceni Református Kollégiumban, majd Jénában végezte tanulmányait. Jénában az Ásványtani Társaság magyar titkára lett. Hazatérve Komáromban működött mint orvos. Halála után kiadták magánkönyvtára katalógusát. Ez jó betekintést ad tudása és műveltsége forrásaiba. Ebben a kivonatban főleg természettudományos, a természet teológiájával és neveléssel foglalkozó könyveit tárgyaljuk.
Szász József (1782–1812) kéziratos ásványtani táblázatai a Teleki Tékában
The mineralogical collection of the Teleki Téka Library in Marosvásárhely was founded by Domokos Teleki (1773-1798) and further developed by his father, Sámuel Teleki (1739-1822). The first two catalogues of the collection were written personally by Domokos Teleki. The last one was proved to be written in 1831 or later, its author is unknown. In addition to the catalogues there are many large hand-written tables which do not list the samples of the collection. In these tables the minerals are listed in systematic order and are characterised by their external properties. The number of the minerals listed is about 470 and the maximal number of the external properties 40. The sequence of the minerals follows the mineral systems generally accepted in the age. The external properties are almost identical with those proposed by Werner. Certainly, the tables were prepared in Jena. In addition, there is a booklet written in Hungarian on the chemical analysis of minerals. Unfortunately, no author and year can be found in the tables. However, considering the correspondence of Sámuel Teleki, and graphologic analysis of the manuscripts, their author was almost certainly the librarian József Szász (1782-1812). His duty was to care of the mineral collection. By support of Sámuel Teleki he studied 1808-1810 in Jena. In Jena he became member and later the Transylvanian secretary of the Mineralogical Society. Until now, his activity in mineralogy was almost unknown. He can be honoured as one of the first followers of Werner in Hungary. Rezumat Colecția mineralogică a Bibliotecii Teleki din Marosvásárhely/Târgu Mureș a fost fondată de Domokos TELEKI (1773–1798) și dezvoltată în continuare de tatăl său, Sámuel TELEKI (1739–1822). Primele două cataloage ale colecției au fost scrise personal de Domokos TELEKI. Ultimul a fost scris în 1831 sau mai târziu, autorul acestuia nu este cunoscut. În plus față de cataloage, există multe tabele mari scrise manual, care nu listează mostrele colecției, ci în ele mineralele sunt listate în ordine sistematică și se caracterizează prin proprietățile lor externe. Numărul de minerale enumerate este de aproximativ 470, iar numărul maxim de proprietăți externe 40. Secvența mineralelor urmează sistemele minerale general acceptate în epocă. Proprietățile externe sunt aproape identice cu cele propuse de WERNER. Cu siguranță, tabelele au fost pregătite în Jena. În plus, există o broșură scrisă în limba maghiară despre analiza chimică a mineralelor. Din păcate, în tabele nu se găsesc nici nici autori și nici ani. Cu toate acestea, având în vedere corespondența lui Sámuel TELEKI și analiza grafologică a manuscriselor, autorul lor a fost aproape sigur bibliotecarul József SZÁSZ (1782–1812). Datoria lui era să aibă grijă de colectarea mineralelor. Cu sprijinul lui Sámuel TELEKI a studiat în perioada 1808–1810 la Jena. La Jena a devenit membru și mai târziu secretar ardelean al Societății Mineralogice. Până acum, activitatea sa în mineralogie era aproape necunoscută. El poate fi considerat ca unul dintre primii adepți ai lui WERNER din Ungaria Kivonat A marosvásárhelyi Teleki Tékában levő ásványgyűjteményt Teleki Domokos (1773–1798) hozta létre, de apja, Teleki Sámuel (1739–1822) tovább gyarapította. A gyűjtemény katalógusai közül az első kettőt még maga Teleki Domokos írta. Az utolsóról kiderült, hogy 1831-nél nem lehet régebbi, szerzője ismeretlen. A katalógusokon kívül sok nagyalakú, kézzel írott táblázat is fennmaradt, amelyek viszont nem a gyűjteményt írják le, hanem rendszertani sorrendben ásványokat sorolnak fel, és azokat külső tulajdonságaikkal jellemzik. A felsorolt ásványok száma mintegy 470, a külső jellemzők maximális száma 40. A felsorolás a korban szokásos ásványrendszertanokat követi, a külső jellemzők szinte teljesen megegyeznek a Werner által bevezetett ismertetőjegyekkel. Maguk a táblázatok minden bizonnyal Jénában készültek. A táblázatok mellett fennmaradt még egy kis magyar nyelvű kéziratos füzet is az ásványok kémiai meghatározásáról. Sajnos a táblázatokon nem találunk sem szerzőt, sem évszámot. Teleki Sámuel levelezése és a kéziratok írásmódjának elemzése alapján szinte bizonyos, hogy leírójuk Szász József (1782–1812), az ásványgyűjtemény kezelésével megbízott könyvtáros volt, aki Teleki Sámuel megbízásából 1808 és 1810 között Jénában tanult. Jénában tagja, majd erdélyi titkára lett az Ásványtani Társaságnak. Szász Józsefben egy eddig alig ismert mineralógust tisztelhetünk, Werner egyik korai magyarországi követőjét.
In this paper we show and analyze a letter of József Klauzál (1794–?) on the famous angle trisection geometric construction problem. The writer published his letter in the newspaper Budapesti Hírlap on 10 May, 1853. Rezumat În această lucrare prezentăm și analizăm o scrisoare scrisă de József Klauzál (1794–?) despre celebra problemă de trisecțiunea unghiului. Scrisoarea a fost publicată în ziarul Budapesti Hírlap la 10 mai 1853. Kivonat Ebben a dolgozatban Klauzál Józsefnek (1794–?) egy olyan levelét mutatjuk be és elemezzük, amely a geometria híres szögharmadolási feladatáról szól. A levelet 1853. május 10-én adták közre a Budapesti Hírlapban.
We use numbers daily, not only mathematicians, but everybody. We have been using them so much that we have forgotten what a big discovery numerals have been for humanity. Some people consider that this was the biggest discovery of humanity for the last 2000 years. Roman numerals have spread throughout Europe because of the Roman empire, for almost one and half millennia. But it was very difficult to perform calculations with these early numerals, people used the abacus instead. When Hungarians came into Europe (896 A.D.), they had their own runic writing. But when St.Stephan I. converted Hungarians to Christianity (about 1000 A.D.), they began to use the Roman numerals. Today we use the indo-arabic numerals. These were introduced into Europe by Fibonacci (by 1200 A.D.), because it was much easier to do calculations with these ones, than with the roman numerals. It took about 2-300 years before Europe became convinced of the usefulness of indo-arabic numerals. From where, how and when did these numerals spread in Transylvania? This article aims to answer these questions, by examining old books and paintings, coins, old churches, church bells and baptismal fonts. Rezumat Astăzi folosim cifrele zilnic, nu numai matematicienii, ci cu toții. Le folosim atât de des, încât am și uitat ce mare descoperire au fost cifrele pentru omenire. Unii consideră că cifrele au fost cea mai mare invenție a omenirii din ultimele două milenii. Cifrele romane s-au răspândit în întreaga Europă datorită Imperiului Roman, pentru aproape un mileniu și jumătate. Dar era foarte greu să se facă calcule cu aceste cifre, se folosea de obicei abacul pentru efectuarea operațiilor matematice. Când maghiarii au venit în Europa (anul 896), au avut sistemul propriu de cifre runice. Dar când regele Stefan I. și-a convertit poporul la creștinism (aproximativ 1000 d. Hr.), au început să folosească și ei cifrele romane. Azi folosim cifrele indo-arabe. Acestea au fost introduse de Fibonacci (prin anul 1200), pentru că a fost mult mai ușor să se facă calcule cu ele. Totuși au trebuit 2-3 secole, ca europenii să se convingă de utilitatea lor. De unde, când și cum au pătruns aceste cifre în Transilvani. Acest articol își propune să găsească răspunsurile la aceste întrebări, examinînd picturi și cărți vechi, monede vechi, biserici vechi și clopotele lor, cristelnițe de botez. Kivonat Naponta használjuk a számokat, nemcsak matematikusok, hanem mindenki. Annyira megszoktuk, őket, hogy már el is felejtettük, mekkora találmány volt ez annak idején az emberiség számára. Vannak akik azt állítják, hogy a számjegyek használata az utóbbi 2000 év legnagyobb találmánya. A római számjegyek a Római Birodalomnak köszönhetően terjedtek el egész Európában, és majdnem másfél évezreden keresztül egyeduralkodók voltak. De nagyon nehéz volt matematikai műveleteket végezni velük, erre inkább az abakuszt használták. Amikor a honfoglaló magyarok Európába érkeztek (896), saját rovásírásos számjegyeik voltak. De amikor Szent István áttérítette népét a keresztény hitre (1000 körül), a római számjegyeket kezdték használni. Ma a hindu-arab számjegyeket használjuk. Ezeket Fibonacci vezette be (1200 körül), ugyanis sokkal könnyebb volt matematikai műveleteket végezni velük. Mégis 2-3 századra volt szükség, hogy az európaiak meggyőződjenek e számjegyek előnyeiről. Honnan, mikor, és hogyan kerültek be Erdélybe a ma is használt számjegyeink? Erre keressük a választ régi könyvekben, festményeken, régi pénzeken, templomokban, harangokon és keresztelő medencéken.
Városi református templomok régi toronyóráira vonatkozó adatok Partium területéről
The study presents the history and archive sources of a few old (18th and 19th-century) church tower clocks from urban areas of the Partium region on the Western edge of Romania. Rezumat Studiul prezintă istoricul și sursele arhivistice referitoare la o serie de ceasuri (orologii) din turnuri bisericești din mediul urban, datate în secolele XVIII. și XIX. din regiunea Partium. Kivonat Jelen tanulmány a régi templomi toronyórák történetére vonatkozó kutatásaink egy újabb szeletét mutatja be, éspedig néhány partiumi városi református templomtorony egykori, vagy ma is létező óraszerkezetének múltját, levéltári forrásait.
Bors Károly geodéziai műszertervező (1906-1975)
Károly Bors one of the most well-known Hungarian designer of surveying instruments was born in Kunszetmiklós in 1906. He received his civil engineering degree at Royal Joseph University in 1933. With the recommendation of his professor Károly Oltay he began working at Hungarian Optical Works as a designer of surveying instruments. The importance and the modernity of his instruments was demonstrated by the fact that he was awarded the Kossuth Prize for designing successful and well-known instruments abroad in 1958. The instrument family – the Te-D1 theodolite, the Ni-B1 optical level and the Ma-1 plane table –, designed alongside his leadership, received the Grand Prix award at the World Exposition 1958 in Brussels. He received a scientific degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for his activities in the field of design and scientific work in 1959. He taught at the Institute for Advanced Engineering of Technical University of Budapest for several years, lecture notes written by him on measuring technology are still in use Today. One of his greatest professional achievements was the introduction of the production of glass circles in Hungary. He died in 1975 in Budapest. The article presents the life and technical works of Károly Bors mainly from the point of view of evolution Hungarian surveying instruments industry. Rezumat Károly Bors, unul dintre cei mai cunoscuți proiectanți maghiari de instrumente de topografie, s-a născut la Kunszetmiklós în 1906. A primit diploma de inginer civil la Universitatea Tehnică din Budapesta în 1933. Cu recomandarea profesorului său Károly Oltay, a început să lucreze la Magyar Optikai Művek (Compania Ungară de Optică) ca un proiectant de instrumente de topografie. Importanța și modernitatea instrumentelor sale a fost recunoscută și prin faptul că a primit Premiul Kossuth în 1958 pentru proiectarea și realizarea unor instrumente recunoscute și în străinătate. Familia instrumentelor proiectate sub conducerea lui – teodolitul Te-D1, dispozitivul de nivelare optic Ni-B1 și masa de măsurare Ma-1 – a primit Marele Premiu la Expoziția Mondială din 1958 de la Bruxelles. În 1959 a obținut diploma de candidat în științe tehnice de la Academia Maghiară. A predat la Institutul de Inginerie Avansată al Universității Tehnice din Budapesta, manualele scrise de el despre tehnologia de măsurare sunt folosite și astăzi. A murit la Budapesta în 1975. Articolul prezintă viața și lucrările tehnice ale lui Károly Bors în principal din punctul de vedere al evoluției industriei maghiare a instrumentelor de topografie. Kivonat Bors Károly, a legismertebb magyar geodéziai műszertervező 1906-ban született Kunszentmiklóson. A Királyi József Műegyetem szerzett kultúrmérnöki oklevelet 1933-ban. Professzora, Oltay Károly ajánlására került a Magyar Optikai Művekhez, ahol geodéziai műszerek tervezésével kezdett foglalkozni. Műszerei jelentőségét és korszerűségét bizonyítja, hogy 1958-ban több, a világpiacon is versenyképes korszerű műszer kidolgozásáért Kossuth-díjat kapott. Az 1958-as brüsszeli világkiállításon az irányítása mellett született és kiállított műszercsalád – a Te-D1 teodolit, az Ni-B1 szintező és az Ma-1 mérőasztal felszerelés – nagydíjat (Grand Prix) kapott. A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Tudományos Minősítő Bizottsága 1959-ben addigi tudományos munkássága alapján a műszaki tudományok kandidátusává nyilvánította. Több éven keresztül tanított a Budapesti Műszaki Egyetem Mérnöktovábbképző Intézetében, az általa írt méréstechnológiai egyetemi jegyzetei azóta is használatban vannak. Az egyik legjelentősebb szakmai eredménye az üvegkörök gyártásának magyarországi bevezetése volt. 1975-ben halt meg Budapesten. Az alábbi tanulmány Bors Károly életét és műszaki alkotásait elsősorban a magyarországi geodéziai műszergyártás fejlődésének szemszögéből kívánja bemutatni.
In this study, the history of the baking industry in Kazincbarcika can be followed from 1953 until today. Rezumat Articolul prezintă istoria industriei de panificație din Kazincbarcika din 1953 până în prezent. Kivonat A cikkben Kazincbarcika sütőiparának történetét ismerhetjük meg 1953-tól napjainkig.
Emléktáblák a Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Ásványtani, Geokémiai és Kőzettani Tanszékén
The history of the Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology began in 1921, similarly to the present University of Szeged. In this year, the Hungarian Government, with the help of the exiled professors from the University of Kolozsvár, have established the Mineral and Geological Institute within Franz Joseph University, which was relocated to Szeged after the Trianon Peace Treaty, came in force in Transylvania. In this study, the life and working career of the former three Heads of Department professors can be followed, they are considered to be the school-founding individuals of Hungarian Earth Science. The first person presented is Prof. Zsigmond Szentpétery, who led the Institute between 1924-1940. Prof. Szentpétery created, founded and developed the Department almost from scratch, as most of the assets, library and equipment have been left in Cluj as per the Trianon Dictation. The second professor introduced is Sándor Koch, who acted as Head of Department between 1940-1968. He was the creator of the internationally renowned Sándor Koch mineral collection, which has been completed with his own mineral collection and specimens purchased on mineral collecting roads. Finally, the third famous professor presented is Gyula Grasselly, he led the Department be­tween 1968-1986. Prof. Grasselly who himself was an internationally renowned expert in manganese research, and during his leadership Geochemistry has been introduced as a new research field in the Department. As a sign of our respect, all three professors have been honoured with commemorative plaques at the Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology. The memorial plaques of Prof. Zsigmond Szentpétery and Prof. Gyula Grasselly were placed at the entrance of the Microscope Room and Lecture Room bearing their name, respectively. Prof. Sándor Koch's memorial plaque has been inaugurated on his 100th birth anniversary and can be found at the entrance of the Department. Rezumat Istoria Departamentului de Mineralogie, Geochimie și Petrologie a început în 1921, similar cu cea a Universității. În acest an, cu ajutorul profesorilor care fuseseră expulzați de la Universitatea Cluj și refugiați în Ungaria, guvernul maghiar a înființat Institutul de Mineralogie și Geologie în cadrul Universității Franz Joseph, care a fost transferat la Szeged. În acest articol, urmărim viața și munca a trei foști profesori universitari, șefi de catedră, care sunt considerați persoane care au contribuit cel mai mult la realizarea școlii de știința pământului maghiar. Prima persoană a fost Zsigmond Szentpétery, care a fost șeful institutului între anii 1924 și 1940. Profesorul Szentpétery a înființat și a dezvoltat departamentul de la zero, deoarece în urma dictatului de la Trianon biblioteca universității și echipamentele au rămas la Cluj. Al doilea profesor a fost Sándor Koch, care a fost șeful departamentului între 1940 și 1968. Sándor Koch este fondatorul colecției de minerale de renume internațional, completate cu propria colecție de minerale. Al treilea profesor a fost Gyula Grasselly, care a condus departamentul între 1968 și 1986. Profilul de cercetare al departamentului a fost completat de geochimie. Gyula Grasselly, profesor de geochimie, a fost un expert recunoscut pe plan internațional în cercetarea manganului. În semn de respect, toți cei trei profesori au primit plăci comemorative la catedră. Kivonat Az Ásványtani, Geokémiai és Kőzettani Tanszék és jogelődeinek története az egyeteméhez hasonlóan 1921-ben kezdődött. Ebben az évben a kolozsvári egyetemről kitoloncolt, Magyarországra menekült tanárok segítségével a magyar kormány a Szegedre áttelepített Ferenc József Tudomány­egyetem keretein belül létrehozta az Ásvány és Földtani Intézetet. A cikkben, a tanszék három egykori tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár életútját, munkásságát követjük nyomon, akik a hazai földtudomány iskolateremtő egyéniségeinek számítanak. Az első személy Szentpétery Zsigmond, ő 1924-1940 között volt vezetője az intézetnek. A professzor a tanszéket jóformán a semmiből hozta létre, alapozta meg, fejlesztette, hiszen a trianoni diktátum értelmében az egyetem könyvtára, eszközállománya, felszerelése Kolozsváron maradt. A második professzor Koch Sándor, aki 1940-1968 között volt tanszékvezető. Koch Sándor a saját ásvány gyűjteményével kiegészítve és az ásványgyűjtő utakon beszerzett példányokkal együtt, a nemzetközileg ismert ásványgyűjtemény megteremtője. A harmadik professzor Grasselly Gyula, aki 1968-1986 között vezette a tanszéket. A tanszék kutatási profilja ekkor egészült ki a geokémiával. Grasselly Gyula geokémikus professzor, a mangán-kutatás nemzetközileg elismert szaktekintélye volt. Tiszteletünk jeléül mindhárom professzor emléktáblát kapott a tanszéken. Szentpétery Zsig­mond és Grasselly Gyula emléktáblái, a nevüket viselő mikroszkóp szoba, illetve előadóterem bejára­tánál lettek elhelyezve. Koch Sándor emléktábláját születésének centenáriuma alkalmából avattuk fel, a tanszék bejáratánál.
Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Ásványtani, Geokémiai és Kőzettani Tanszék
One hundred years after the birth of János Bolyai, another well-known mathematician, Ábrahám Wald, was born in Cluj-Napoca. Ábrahám Wald was born into a Jewish-Orthodox family. Unfortunately, we don't have many documents about Wald's life. In modern statistics and econometrics many theorems of Wald's name are related. In this article we present original documents about the life of Ábrahám Wald, namely: the matriculation register from the Piarist High School in Cluj, and 3 letters of Ábrahám Wald written to György Alexits in Hungarian. Our presentation is an authentic first publication. At the end of this article, we emphasize the importance of commemorating the intellectual and material heritage of Ábrahám Wald. The commemoration of Wald's legacy should be manifested by the unveiling of a memorial plaque at Wald's parental home in Cluj-Napoca. Rezumat Cu o sută de ani după nașterea lui János Bolyai, la Cluj-Napoca s-a născut și un alt matematician renumit: Ábrahám Wald. Ábrahám Wald s-a născut într-o familie evreu-ortodoxă. Din păcate, nu avem multe documente despre viața lui Wald. În statistică modernă și în econometrie sunt legate multe teoreme de numele lui Wald. În acest articol vă prezentăm documente originalei despre viața lui Ábrahám Wald, și anume: registrul matricol de la gimnaziu piarist din Cluj și 3 scrisoari ale lui Ábrahám Wald către György Alexits în limba maghiară. Prezentarea noastră reprezintă o primă publicare autentică. La sfârșitul acestui articol accentuăm importanța de a comemora moștenirea intelectuală și materială ale lui Wald Ábrahám. Comemorarea moștenirea lui Wald ar trebui să se manifeste cu dezvăluirea unei plăci comemorativă la casa părintească a lui Wald din Cluj-Napoca. Kivonat Száz évvel Bolyai János születése után Kolozsváron született egy másik nagy, de sajnos kevébé ismert matematikus, Wald Ábrahám. Wald Ábrahám ortodox-zsidó (hasszid) családban született. Sajnos nagyon kevés dokumentum maradt meg Wald életéről. A modern statisztikákban és az ökonometriában Wald nevét sok tétel őrzi. Ebben a cikkben eredeti dokumentumokat mutatunk be Wald Ábrahám életéről, nevezetesen: a kolozsvári piarista gimnázium matrikulai nyilvántartását, és 3 Wald Ábrahám által Alexits Györgynek magyarul írt levelet. A levéltári anyagok bemutatása forrásközlés. A cikk végén hangsúlyozzuk Wald Ábrahám szellemi és anyagi örökségének megőrzésének fontosságát. Wald örökségének megőrzéséhez emléktáblát kellene felállítani a Waldek szülői házának falán, Kolozsváron.
The sundial is the oldest device for measuring time. It was in use in Transilvania also, from the middle age, till today. After learning how can we recognise if a sundia l works exactly or not, the artricle makes a survey of the Transilvanian sundials: how many are, what kind they are, where can we find them, how exactly does they work. Rezumat Cadranul solar este cel mai vechi instrument pentru măsurarea timpului. A fost folosit și în Transilvania, încă din evul mediu și până azi. După ce ne arată cum ne putem da seama, dacă un cadran solar funcționează corect sau nu, articolul de față trece în revistă cadranele solare din Transilvania: câte sunt, cel fel de tipuri, unde se găsesc, și cât de precis funcționează ele.
Koncepcióváltás a 19/20. század fordulóján az ipari építészetben
The gigantic technological development of the 19th century significantly changed the thinking of mankind and the people's attitude towards culture and art at the end of the century. Interestingly, there was also a change in the concept of form and shape in women's fashion, just as in the industrial architecture. This process of change played out in a few decades from the sometimes self-serving products that were designed purely based on formal aspects, through the adaptation in form to the opportunities and needs of the industry, to functionalism which utilized the new materials and technologies at maximum level. Rezumat Evoluţia stupefiantă a tehnicii din secolul al 19-lea, spre sfârşitul acestuia, a dus la schimbări radicale şi în privinţa gândirii, culturii şi artei umanităţii. Curios, schimbarea în formă poate fi surprinsă paralel atât în moda feminină cât şi în arhitectura industrială. Procesul de schimbare de la produsele elaborate deseori doar după criterii de forme lʼ art pour lʼart, prin cele care au luat în considerare posibilităţile şi pretenţiile industriei, până la funcţionalismul care adoptase la maximum materialele şi tehnologiile noi apărute, s-a derulat în doar câteva decenii.
In his childhood, the Hungarian mathematician, Farkas Bolyai (1775–1856) was a very good mental calculator. He calculated the square and cube roots of 14-digit numbers without pen and paper. In his legacy we found an interesting, but a little bit mysterious manuscript on the cube roots. Fortunately, we understood this paper based on a Hungarian arithmetical book by Lőrincz Koretz (1805–1871). The author of this book was a piarist teacher in Hungary. This paper shows some examples based on the unknown József Farczádi Nagy’s calculations of the cube roots. Rezumat În copilărie, matematicianul maghiar Farkas Bolyai (1775–1856) a fost capabil să extragă rădăcini pătrate și cubice din numere de 14 cifre. În moștenirea sa am găsit un manuscris interesant, deși puțin misterios, despre extragerea cubică. Din fericire, descifrarea conținutului s-a reușit pe baza unei cărți de matematică a lui Lőrinc Koretz (1805–1871). Autorul acestui volum a fost un profesor piarist. Prezentul articol dicută câteva exemple bazate pe calculele necunoscute ale lui József Farczádi Nagy ale rădăcinilor cubului. Kivonat Bolyai Farkas (1775–1856) már gyermekkorában 14 jegyű számból is tudott fejben négyzet- és köbgyököt vonni. Hagyatékában egy érdekes, bár egy kicsit titokzatos kéziratot találtunk, amely a köbgyökvonásról szól. Szerencsére sikerült megfejtetni a tartalmát Koretz Lőrincz (1805–1871) egy számtankönyve alapján. E kötet szerzője kegyesrendi tanár volt. Dolgozatunk néhány példát mutat be Farczádi Nagy József köbgyökvonási módszeréről.
For the citizens the functionality of engineering constructions is more important than the identity of their designer. But who is the creator of an engineering construction? Is it the designer or the person who makes the plan, the intellectual work transformed into drawings, become reality? In fact, both of them are creators, but the plan is always a pre-condition of the building. The important question is whose name is remembered by the coming generations? Few people know that the designer of the Eiffel Tower (built in 1888-89) was not engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) as many believe, but a young Alsatian-Swiss engineer working in the Eiffel Engineering Office, called Maurice Koechlin (1856-1946). He got his degree at the Zurich technical university, just as János Feketeházy who designed the majority of Hungary's bridges. Feketeházy was the designer of the Szeged downtown bridge as well, which was believed to be an Eiffel-design by the citizens for half a century, but he also designed the huge industrial complex in Budapest-Kőbánya which is known today as Eiffel-Hall, utilized by the Hungarian State Opera. According to many professional books on the topic, the Buda Castle Tunnel was built as the continuation of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge's track to make the Budapest-Déli railway station in Krisztinaváros (in Buda) easily accessible for anyone travelling from the Pest-side of the city. We know that the designer of the Chain Bridge (plans made in 1838-39) was the English engineer William Tierney Clark (1783-1852) and the construction works (cofferdam construction from 1839, bridge construction in 1842-49) were led by the Scottish engineer Adam Clark (1811-1866). We also know that after handing over the bridge to the public, Adam Clark returned to London, then after the construction of a few more bridges (Pirna, Leitmeritz, Wien) he settled down in Hungary. His last big work was the construction of the Buda Castle Tunnel (handed over on 30th April, 1857), to which the construction plans were also made by himself. But can we consider him as the designer of the Buda Castle Tunnel? Both of the above assumptions are incorrect. The plan of the tunnel preceded not just the start of the first Hungarian railway line (test run: 10 November 1845, between Pest-Rákospalota, start of passenger traffic: 17 July 1847 on the Pest-Vác line), but also the construction plans of the Chain Bridge and the start of the passenger traffic on the bridge as well (20 November 1849). But who was the real designer then if not the person who made the construction plans based on the earlier approved plans? The answer is not simple and not unambiguous since the coming generations forgot about the identity of the real designer and gave this tile to Adam Clark. We try to explore the precedents and the names connected to the different plan versions, but in the end, considering that several plan versions became known, we have to admit that the constructor is to be thanked for the final form of the construction, irrespective of the authors of the plan concepts. Rezumat Pentru persoanele care folosesc lucrări de inginerie, relevanța acestora este importantă și mai puțin creatorul. Dar cine este creatorul unei structuri? Este proiectantul sau persoana care implementează planul? De fapt, ambele sunt, dar existența acestuia din urmă este condiționată de existența primului. Dar numele căreia se păstrează pentru posteritate? Puțini oameni știu că proiectantul turnului Eiffel (construit în 1888-89), contrar credinței populare, nu a fost Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923), un antreprenor în construcții, ci un tânăr inginer alsacian-elvețian care lucra pentru Eiffel, Maurice Koechlin (1856–1946), care a absolvit aceeași Universitate Tehnică din Zurich ca János Feketeházy, care a proiectat cele mai multe poduri în Ungaria. Știm că a proiectat și podul din centrul orașului Szeged, despre care populația crezuse timp de jumătate de secol că este planul lui Eiffel, precum a construit și imensul complex industrial de hale din Budapesta-Kőbánya, care astăzi este folosit de Opera de Maghiară se Stat ca Sala Eiffel. Conform mai multor cărți tehnice, tunelul Budavár a fost construit ca o continuare a podului Széchenyi pentru a oferi acces rapid din partea Pest la Gara de Sud din Buda. Știm că podul cu lanțuri (1838–1839) a fost proiectat de William Tierney Clark (1783–1852), un inginer englez, și construcția (construcția barajului din 1839, construcția podului 1842–49) de către inginerul scoțian Adam Clark (1811–1866). Știm că Adam Clark s-a întors la Londra după intrarea în funcțiune a podului, dar după construirea unor poduri (Pirna, Leitmeritz, Viena) s-a instalat în Ungaria, iar ultima sa lucrare importantă a fost construcția tunelului Budavár (inaugurată la 30 aprilie 1857). Dar poate fi considerat cu adevărat drept designerul tunelului Budavár? Ambele ipoteze de mai sus sunt incorecte. Proiectarea tunelului a precedat timp de mai mulți ani prima linie feroviară maghiară (testul între Pest-Rákospalota la 10 noiembrie 1845, începerea traficului de pasageri pe linia Pest-Vác la 17 iulie 1847), dar bineînțeles și planificarea efectivă a podului cu lanțuri și începutul traficului (20 noiembrie 1849). Dar cine a avut concepția, deoarece în mod evident nu a aparținut persoanei care a pregătit mai târziu planurile de realizare pe baza planurilor aprobate anterior? Răspunsul nu este simplu și lipsit de ambiguitate, întrucât posteritatea nu a păstrat niciun nume în calitate de designer și a acordat acest titlu lui Adam Clark. Încercăm să descoperim numele persoanelor care pot fi atribuite variantelor de plan și, în sfârșit, recunoaștem că forma finală, indiferent de autorul conceptelor de plan, se datorează implementatorului. Kivonat A mérnöki alkotásokat használó lakosság számára annak megfelelősége a fontos és kevésbé érdekes az alkotó személye. De ki egy építmény alkotója? A tervező, vagy az, aki a tervet, a rajzokba transzformált szellemi alkotást a gyakorlatban megvalósítja? Valójában mindkettő, de az utóbbi létezésének feltétele az előbbi megléte. De mégis kinek a nevét őrzi meg az utókor? Kevés ember tudja, hogy az Eiffel torony (épült 1888–89-ben) tervezője a közhiedelemmel ellentétben nem Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923) mérnök, építési vállalkozó volt, hanem egy, az Eiffel Irodában dolgozó ifjú elzászi-svájci mérnök, Maurice Koechlin (1856–1946), aki ugyanazon a Zürichi Műszaki Egyetemen szerzett diplomát, mint a legtöbb magyarországi hidat tervező Feketeházy János. Róla tudjuk, hogy azt a szegedi belvárosi hidat is ő tervezte, amit fél évszázadon át Eiffel-tervnek gondolt a lakosság és azt a hatalmas Budapest-Kőbányán álló ipari csarnok-komplexumot is, amit ma a Magyar Állami Operaház Eiffel-csarnok néven hasznosít. Több szakkönyvben az olvasható, hogy a Budavári Alagút azért épült a Széchenyi Lánchíd nyomvonalának folytatásaként, hogy a pesti oldalról gyorsan elérhető legyen a budai Krisztina-városban épült Déli pályaudvar. Tudjuk, hogy a Lánchíd tervezője (terv 1838–1839) William Tierney Clark (1783–1852) angol mérnök volt és a kivitelezést (zárógát építése 1839-től, hídépítés 1842–49) Adam Clark (1811–1866) skót mérnök vezette. Tudjuk, hogy a híd használatba vételét követően Adam Clark visszatért Londonba, majd néhány híd (Pirna, Leitmeritz, Bécs) megépítése után Magyarországon telepedett le és utolsó nagy műve a Budavári Alagút kivitelezése (átadva 1857. április 30-án) volt, melyhez maga készített kiviteli (megvalósulási vagy realizációs) tervrajzokat. De valóban ő tekinthető-e (az akkori nevén a budai Váralagút) tervezőjének? Mindkét fentebbi feltételezés téves. Az alagút terve sok évvel megelőzte az első magyarországi vasút megindulását (próbaút 1845. november 10. Pest-Rákospalota között, Pest-Vác vonalon a személyforgalom megindulása 1847. július 17-én), de a megvalósult Lánchíd tényleges tervezését és természetesen a Lánchídon a közúti forgalom kezdetét (1849. november 20.) is. De kié volt a koncepció, mivel nyilván nem azé, aki a korábban jóváhagyott tervek alapján később a kiviteli terveket készítette? A válasz nem egyszerű és nem egyértelmű, mivel az utókor köztudata nem őrzött meg tervezőként egy nevet sem, egyértelműen ezt a címet Adam Clarknak ajándékozta. Megpróbáljuk feltárni az előzményeket, a terv-változatokhoz rendelhető neveket, végül elismerjük, hogy mivel több tervváltozat vált ismertté, a végső forma a tervkoncepciók szerzőségétől függetlenül a megvalósítónak köszönhető.